“Reporting live from the Parliament…”

With the departure for my trip to the U.S. less than a week away, my lecturing materials should be ready. Several groups of students of the College of Communication & Information Sciences at the University of Alabama will hopefully enjoy a lecture which I have renamed “Cultural Diversity in Sports Broadcasting: Notions of Identity on Slovenian Television,” while those attending the Summit on Sport and Communication will have a chance to learn about “Representation of Nationality and Gender in Slovenian 2008 Summer Olympic Television Coverage.” Twitter users may follow the Summit on @sportsummit and during the conference use the hashtag #sportsummit12. People attending the event hosted by Bradley University may see the only presenter that is not affiliated to an American university on Saturday morning—look for a Simon Licen…

In my previous post, I breathed a sigh of relief when members of parliament in Slovenia rejected Peter Vilfan’s request to work (part-time?) as a sportscaster despite being a member of the National Assembly. Truth be told, my account of the story has not been completely accurate as the Committee on Mandates and Elections deemed Mr. Vilfan’s application incomplete and asked him to amend it. The revised request has now been accepted and deputy Vilfan—who was heard signing off basketball broadcasts as “your City Councillor, Peter Vilfan” during his recent stint as Councillor of Ljubljana, the Slovenian capital—has now obtained official permission to run simultaneous careers as both member of the national assembly and sports broadcaster.

Sports announcers provide the spectators with more than restatement of athletic contests: they actively shape the viewers’ perceptions of the action. Media discourse contributes to the formation of identities and shapes perceptions of societies and people within it. I deem this task much too important to be entrusted to sporadic collaborators, even more so when they are professional politicians; hence, I disagree with the Committee’s decision. Now I wonder what will Mr. Vilfan give priority to if his beloved team will play a decider on the same night as a budget vote.

In turn, this latest exploit by Slovenian sports broadcasters provides me with yet another topic I might engage in when speaking to students (a slide on the topic has already been added to the lecture presentation) and discussing with collegues. I will try to communicate their reactions through this website. Stay tuned if you wish to read about personal ‘Bama and Illinois impressions!

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An update

It has been six weeks since I last posted on my blog; not exactly what might be deemed proper timeliness! In my defense I shall say that the past weeks were very intense and paved the way for what will hopefully be very productive and rewarding upcoming months!

Unfortunately, I was not able to write about Peter Vilfan, a former elite basketball player who became a sports broadcaster for the Slovenian public channel, TV Slovenija, in 1991 and then started a political career as city councilor of Ljubljana in 2006 (he did not cease to broadcast games despite his political engagement). At the 2011 anticipated elections, Mr. Vilfan became a member of parliament and in February 2012 he filed a request that, if accepted, would allow him to continue broadcasting basketball games (on a commercial network, Sportklub) in addition to him being a member of parliament. The Slovenian legislation allows parliamentarians to retain minor research or pedagogic appointments; this is done to allow university professors that become deputies to maintain a link with academe. Sports broadcasting, however, is considered (only) by some parliamentarians too close to journalism and hence incompatible with the parliamentary appointment.

From a professional point of view, I applaud the rejection of Mr. Vilfan’s request. Studies show that sports announcers provide the spectators with more than restatement of what they have just seen: they actively shape the viewers’ perceptions of the action at hand, and they influence the image of sports and society in general. I do not think politicians should be allowed weekly 100-minute ‘time slots’ to discuss sports and society. From a citizen’s and taxpayer’s point of view, I hope that Mr. Vilfan will devote his spare time to reading bills and contributing to revitalizing the Slovenian economy rather than reading sports pages and contributing to revitalizing the local basketball club (a topic I am discussing in an upcoming research paper).

In less than two weeks, I am heading overseas—first to lecture at the University of Alabama and then to attend the Summit on Sport and Communication. I am very excited about both events! Students at UA will get a glimpse of sports broadcasting in Slovenia in a lecture titled ‘Peculiar Notions of Identity and (Possible) Reasons behind Them.’ I will engage in a similar topic at the Summit as I will specifically discuss representation of nationality and gender in Slovenian 2008 Olympic television coverage. Even though the trip overseas will be very short—arriving on March 25 and departing on April 1—I am looking forward to meeting many good friends and interesting new people!

My next lecture is scheduled for May 9 at the Faculty (School) of Social Sciences in Ljubljana. There, I will be lecturing about sports journalism to first-year journalism students. This is a terrific opportunity to bring this topic into Slovenian academic classrooms as courses in sports journalism are not offered by any of the colleges and universities in Slovenia. Indeed, the Faculty of Social Sciences has been looking to offer these contents but could not accommodate their plans (and the students’ wishes!) due to various reasons. Hopefully, this might change soon as interesting opportunities are emerging; I will engage in this topic again as the lecture approaches.

The last time I visited the Faculty of Social Sciences—my alma mater, by the way—a few weeks ago, I met Žiga, an enthusiastic master’s student interested in issues of cheerleading and objectivity in sports journalism. We exchanged a few words and I am hoping that he will keep in touch and inform me about his research and professional pursuits. There seems to be growing interest in issues of sports media and sports communication among college students and young professionals in Slovenia. This is an aspect I will start following in even greater detail as exciting opportunities are emerging!

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UL guest lecture on sports, diplomacy and politics

Recently, I was invited by Dr. Boštjan Udovič to have a guest lecture for students of international relations at the University of Ljubljana. The title of the lecture was Sport as a Tool of International Relations. Planning the lecture was not an easy task: I wanted to offer the students a talk that would be both educational and challenging (from my experience, sports topics in social sciences courses tend to be met with great expectations) while making sure that those who are not sport savvy would not be bored or feel left out. In the end, I decided to deliver an overview of what I see as some of the most significant topics in the sport and diplomacy nexus in the 20th and 21st century and to emphasize the most important lessons that they teach us.

More than half of the lecture was dedicated to the International Olympic Committee. Considerations on its membership, modus operandi and role in modern sports allowed me to question the renowned notion that politics has no place in sport. I supported this viewpoint by presenting the key diplomatic and political aspects of the Olympics in Berlin in 1936 and Munich in 1972, only to conclude with the “boycott series” of 1976 through 1984. As most people do not know, the first boycott that gained wider adherence did not occur in Moscow in 1980, but four years earlier in Montréal, when approximately 30 mostly African countries boycotted the Olympics due to the refusal of the IOC to ban New Zealand. Namely, earlier that year, the rugby All Blacks team had toured South Africa despite this country had been banned from the Olympic movement due to its apartheid policies. However, as the boycott did not originate from the then all-important Cold War, it was criticized by the media of the period as “sports should rise above politics” and remains largely unknown today. I myself owe it to Michael Real’s 1989 book, Super Media, for some initial knowledge on the issue.

After that, I continued by speaking about ping pong diplomacy and about the sports isolation of South Africa in the apartheid era. Ping pong diplomacy has allowed me to focus on the facts that sports can help people understand that even nations that are presented as “enemies” by the establishment are persons like them. Further, the exchange of table tennis players paved the way for the much more important visit to China by then-U.S. president Richard Nixon in 1972. In turn, the sporting boycott of South Africa during the Apartheid era proved very important in raising awareness about the inadmissibility of racial segregation both among South African and international publics.

The final part of the lecture was dedicated to some Slovenian-specific facts, including the heroic media representations of successful Olympians and the shifting notions of soccer after Slovenia qualified to the Euro for the first time as an independent country in 2000. From that point onwards, soccer in Slovenia started to elevate its status from being mostly considered as a Balkan and thus primitive sport to becoming a mainstream and even fashionable sport as successful national team performances allowed fans, celebrities, and politicians to bask in the reflected glory of soccer successes.

Judging by the reactions from the audience and by the discussion in the final part of the gathering I would say that the students were satisfied with what they had heard and learned. I certainly had a lot of fun lecturing on this topic and speaking to this audience. Boštjan, a great professional and friend whom I’ve known since high school, also said he was pleased with the lecture.

I would be pleased to hear from any of the students that attended the lecture, especially if they are considering exploring the topic into further depth, either as part of their undergraduate thesis, or out of personal or professional curiosity. I would also love to hear comments from experts in the field. Both are invited to comment on this entry below or by sending me an email to info[at]simonlicen.com.

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Sports woes and the Slovenian attitude to them

In the previous post I wrote about the indictment of the members of an illegal betting syndicate that operated from Maribor, a city in northeast Slovenia. The event itself and the Slovenian media coverage surrounding it deserve some commentary.

First, it is necessary to distinguish between sports betting and match-fixing. To bet, or to gamble, means risking money or anything of value on the outcome of something involving chance, such as the result of a football match. To fix a match means to determine the outcome of a game in advance. Sports betting is legal in many countries including Slovenia; match-fixing is not.

Gambling and bookmaking is legal in Slovenia, but bookmakers wishing to organize betting must obtain a state license. Licensing is regulated by the Gaming Act (Zakon o igrah na srečo). The act stipulates that the license fee and 5% of the profit generated by (legitimate) bookmakers and gambling providers are devoted to the financing of disability, humanitarian, and sports organizations. Slovenian bookmakers and gambling providers also have to pay further taxes.

According to Slovenian law, illegal bookmaking and the organization of illegal betting syndicates is a breach of the Criminal Code and thus a felony. In turn, placing bets with illegal bookmakers is not a crime. In this particular case, it likely will not even be considered a misdemeanor as taxes on winnings have to be paid directly by gambling providers, rather than those who win the bets. In Slovenia, the bookmaker has to pay the taxing authority a 17.65% surplus on individual winnings; earnings of up to €300 are exempt from taxation.

Thus far, this entire case is about illegal betting, not match-fixing. None of the individuals involved have been accused of fixing the outcome of any match.

Nonetheless, it is worth noting that Drago Kos, a former FIFA referee and former Chief Commissioner of the Commission for the Prevention of Corruption in Slovenia, drew attention to the fact that the prosecution of corruption in sport has been canceled from the Criminal Code in 2008. In an interview to Ekipa a sports newspaper, he said that the removal acknowledged as a mistake (presumably by the authors of the bill) but has not been corrected yet. Thus, in order to prosecute fixers, prosecutors would actually need to file a fraud or bribery case.

A potential ground-breaking aspect of the story is the sheer realization that Slovenia is not immune to criminal activity in sport. Many people—including Igor Lukšič, the former Minister of Education and Sport—argue that due to its small size, this country is virtually immune to doping, match-fixing and other shady aspects of sport. In an interview to the Slovenian Press Agency in October 2010, Mr. Lukšič said that “our [i.e., Slovenian] leagues of course are not as strong, there is not that much money circulating and so the problem [of match-fixing] is not as big as elsewhere.” This argumentum ad populum seems to be perpetuated by sports officials and journalists, as well. The latter are especially passive and to the best of my knowledge, the Slovenian Press Agency interview with the country’s foremost sports official which rose this and other interesting points, was not picked up by a single Slovenian media outlet.

Slovenian sports media seem to focus on sports competitions and largely disregard topics in sport governance. Insight into this topic will be provided by the International Sports Press Survey, a project coordinated by the Macromedia University of Applied Sciences in Hamburg and Play the Game I am involved in. Until detailed results of the study are published, I believe the Slovenian sports media’s general attitude to topics that go beyond predictions and post-game analyses is well synthesized in the lead paragraph to Ekipa’s first story on the illegal betting syndicate. It read that the syndicate had become a public secret and that police’s apparent passiveness caused “quite some outrage” in the author(s); and the prosecutors’ latest actions were commented with a mere: “Finally!”

Not all sports journalists need graduating from Oxford, nor filming documentaries for the BBC; yet it would be good if they became familiar with the concept of investigative journalism, or at least with that of critical distance, in addition to that of cheerleading. Modern sport is unfortunately not all fun and games and sports journalism ought to report on less flattering aspects, as well.

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Illegal betting syndicate indicted in Slovenia

In the week of January 9, the Office of the State Prosecutor General indicted the leaders of an illegal football betting syndicate that operated from Maribor. The clients of this ring included a number of high-profile football players including several current or former members of the Slovenian national team, Slovenian newspapers report.

The prosecutors collected evidence that the six-man syndicate handled over €42 million worth of illegal bets between November 2008 and April 2011. The presumed ring-leaders were Kosta Turner (48) and Ivan Vinko (41), both Slovenian citizens. They were aided by Vasja Turner (29), Zvonko Hajšek (43), Goran Šukalo (30), all Slovenian citizens, and Saša Simić (42), a former football player and citizen of Serbia. Police took four of them into custody in April 2011; still at large are Mr. Šukalo, who currently plays for MSV Duisburg in the Second Bundesliga, and Mr. Simić.

All six are charged with organizing money chains and illegal gambling (Art. 212 of the Penal Code), and criminal association (Art. 294 of the Penal Code). The preliminary hearing at the Maribor District Court was conducted on 12 January and the indictment is now final. The court ruled that Mr. Simić will be tried in a separate trial.

Gambling and bookmaking is legal in Slovenia, but bookmakers wishing to organize betting must obtain a state license.

Slovenian media published details of the way the syndicate operated. Vasja Turner is assumed to be the main bookkeeper. Goran Šukalo was allegedly the intermediary between Kosta Turner and the betting players; he supposedly picked up bets and forwarded the information to the organizers, as well as controlled the cash flow to and from the players. Sašo Simić is thought to be the syndicate’s representative in Serbia as well as a debt collector. The role of Zvonko Hajšek was allegedly to secure financial funds to cover limits with foreign bookmakers and to recruit new players.

According to the State Prosecutor General’s indictment, the list of players that placed bets with the illegal bookmaker includes Nastja Čeh, Ermin Rakovič, Dejan Djuranovič, Rene Mihelič, and Grega Židan. All of them have national team experience.

The list of clients includes 16 additional individuals; three have been identified by their full names.

The participants placed a total of €42,796,277.00 worth of bets. €5.5 million were allegedly handled by Mr. Šukalo.

Prosecutors were able to collect very detailed information from the website used by the syndicate to record all bets. The website, www.w3v0id.net, is now inaccessible.

Ekipa, a sports daily newspaper, published details regarding the sums that had allegedly been placed as bets by the participants of the scheme:

Nastja Čeh: €2,539,800.00
Dejan Djuranovič: €87,400.00
Tadej Kovačič: €542,202.00
Dean Medved: €208,750.00
Rene Mihelič: €26,550,00
Ermin Rakovič: €724,000.00
Sebastijan Simonič: €37,700.00
Goran Šukalo: €5,500,000.00
Gregor Židan: €512,590.00
“AHM:” €376,193.00
“Amer:” €387,470.00
“Baco:” €70,950.00
“CZ:” €18,544,359.00
“CZ-A:” €10,474,300.00
“CZ-S:” €55,000.00
“Gogi:” €336,747.00
“Grega:” €50.00
“Lucky:” €259,000.00
“MIAUT:” €40,000.00
“TT:” €397,000.00
“ZAUT:” €84,000.00
“ZV:” €84,000.00

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Two Slovenian citizens involved in latest match-fixing scandal

In mid-December, Italian police arrested 17 people in connection with a match-fixing and betting investigation.

According to police, this particular match-fixing initiative was based in Singapore and had contacts with criminal groups in Italy and Eastern Europe, including Slovenia. The news, however, was not reported in the Slovenian media until several days later.

Then, on 21 and 22 December, Delo and Primorske novice, a broadsheet and a regional newspaper, respectively, reported that two Slovenian citizens were suspects in the on-going inquiry. They are Admir Suljić, 30, a former player of Rudar and Nafta Lendava in Slovenia, and Dino Lalić, 37, a former youth national goalkeeper that played for eight teams in the Slovenian championship.

Both Mr. Suljić and Mr. Lalić were found guilty in the ‘Offside’ match-fixing probe in Croatia in 2010 and sentenced to one year in prison. ‘Offside’ spun off the extensive match-fixing probe conducted by investigators in Bochum in 2009.

In a sidebar story, Primorske novice followed up on a probe conducted by Slovenian police in April 2011. Then, four Slovenian citizens were indicted.

Primorske novice report that one of the players caught in the wiretapping is Goran Šukalo, 29, who is currently playing for Duisburg. Prosecutors have accused him of involvement in the match-fixing scheme, but Šukalo’s defenders dispute the accusation.

Slovenian police is analyzing a number of games played in the Slovenian championship between 2008 and 2010. Sufficient evidence of fixing has been found in two games, reports the regional newspaper.

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Media appearances

I was recently interviewed for two Slovenian dailies: a biographic interview with a focus on my activities in sports was published on 22 December in the sports section of Primorske novice, a Slovenian regional newspaper. The interview was part of a section called ‘The relay’ in which interviewees ‘pass the baton’ among themselves; I was handed it by Andrej Bizjak, the Tournament Director of the defunct WTA Tour Banka Koper Slovenia Open. Readers that are proficient in the Slovenian language can read the interview here.

On the same day, the science section of Delo, a broadsheet, interviewed me for a sidebar story on the Mentor leta (Mentor of the Year) award, an initiative promoted by the Society of Young Researchers of Slovenia. As the president of the selection committee, I spoke about the selection process, criteria, and impact of the initiative. Here is a link to the full story (in Slovenian), including an interview with the winner of the 2011 Mentor of the Year award, Professor Igor Muševič.

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Happy 2012!

I celebrate my birthday on 6 December, and several among the ninety-nine ‘happy birthday’ messages posted on my Facebook profile (not that I am counting) included wishes on ‘achieving goals.’ The launching of this website is the realization of one of these goals. I thank those who supported this initiative, and I especially thank all the readers that will find this website interesting and useful. I hope I will not let them down.

A new holiday season approaches as the Gregorian calendar year reaches its end. The launching of this website fits rather well with the starting of a new year so in my first ever blog post I thought of wishing the readers a happy and prosperous 2012. Some of their successes shall hopefully be achieved by means of information posted on, or knowledge gathered through, this website.

In an era of email and text-message greeting cards that include season’s greeting messages that are often non-critically forwarded, I turn back to Martin Niemöller for my New Year’s greeting:
First they came for the communists, and I didn’t speak out because I wasn’t a communist.
Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn’t speak out because I wasn’t a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews, and I didn’t speak out because I wasn’t a Jew.
Then they came for me and there was no one left to speak out for me.

Consider it, if you wish, my editorial stance.

Happy 2012!

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